What Is ADHD? Symptoms, Types, and Myths
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widely discussed — and misunderstood — mental health conditions. For decades, ADHD was stereotyped as a childhood problem that only affected “naughty boys” who couldn’t sit still. Today, research shows that ADHD is far more complex: it can present differently in girls and women, it often continues into adulthood, and it affects not just attention but also emotions, organisation, and daily functioning.
This article breaks down what ADHD really is, the main symptoms and types, and some of the most persistent myths surrounding the condition.
What Is ADHD?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how the brain manages attention, impulses, and activity levels. People with ADHD may struggle with:
Maintaining focus on tasks that aren’t immediately interesting
Starting or completing projects
Managing time effectively
Controlling impulsive behaviours
Regulating emotions
It is not caused by poor parenting, laziness, or lack of discipline. Instead, ADHD is linked to differences in how the brain develops and processes information, particularly in areas related to executive function — the brain’s “management system.”
ADHD Symptoms
The symptoms of ADHD usually fall into two main categories:
Inattention
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
Many people experience a mixture of both.
Inattention Symptoms
Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks (especially boring or repetitive ones)
Making careless mistakes at work or school
Struggling to follow through on instructions or finish tasks
Frequently losing items like keys, books, or phones
Being easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or external stimuli
Forgetfulness in daily activities
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity Symptoms
Restlessness or constant fidgeting
Feeling the need to move, even in inappropriate situations
Talking excessively or interrupting others
Struggling to wait one’s turn (in conversations, queues, or games)
Acting without thinking through consequences
Difficulty staying seated in situations where it’s expected
ADHD in Children vs. Adults
ADHD often looks different depending on age.
In children, symptoms are usually most visible in the classroom or during structured activities. A child may be constantly on the go, blurt out answers, or struggle to stay focused on homework.
In adults, hyperactivity may become less obvious. Instead, difficulties with organisation, procrastination, time management, and emotional regulation are more noticeable. Adults may describe feeling “scattered,” “forgetful,” or “always behind.”
The Three Types of ADHD
The diagnostic manual (DSM-5) recognises three main presentations of ADHD:
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (formerly ADD):
Difficulty focusing, organising, and following through
Often overlooked because hyperactivity is less obvious
More commonly diagnosed in girls and women
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:
Restlessness, fidgeting, and impulsive behaviours
May appear disruptive in school or work settings
More common in younger children
Combined Presentation:
A mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
The most common type in both children and adults
What Causes ADHD?
ADHD doesn’t have a single cause. Research suggests it results from a combination of factors, including:
Genetics: ADHD often runs in families.
Brain differences: Studies show differences in brain structure and activity in regions linked to attention and self-control.
Environmental influences: Factors such as premature birth, exposure to toxins (like lead), or complications during pregnancy may increase risk.
ADHD is not caused by too much sugar, poor parenting, or watching television — despite common myths.
Common Myths About ADHD
Myth 1: ADHD Isn’t Real
Fact: ADHD is a recognised medical condition supported by decades of research. Brain scans, family studies, and treatment outcomes confirm its validity.
Myth 2: ADHD Only Affects Children
Fact: Around 60–70% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms in adulthood. Adult ADHD is often underdiagnosed.
Myth 3: ADHD Means Being Lazy or Unmotivated
Fact: People with ADHD often work twice as hard to stay organised or meet deadlines. Struggles with executive function are neurological, not a reflection of character.
Myth 4: ADHD Is Just Hyperactivity
Fact: Many people with ADHD are not outwardly hyperactive. Inattentive symptoms can be subtle but just as impairing.
Myth 5: Medication Is the Only Solution
Fact: While medication can be very effective, therapy, coaching, lifestyle strategies, and support systems are also crucial.
Strengths of ADHD
While ADHD presents real challenges, many people also discover unique strengths:
High energy and enthusiasm
Creativity and original thinking
Ability to “hyperfocus” on topics of interest
Resilience from overcoming daily obstacles
Strong problem-solving in fast-paced situations
Recognising these strengths alongside the challenges is important for building self-esteem and reducing stigma.
When to Seek Help
If you or your child shows consistent difficulties with focus, impulsivity, or hyperactivity that interfere with daily life, it may be worth seeking a professional assessment. ADHD is treatable, and with the right support, people can thrive in school, work, and relationships.
ADHD is more than just being forgetful or fidgety. It is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects millions of children and adults worldwide. Understanding the symptoms, types, causes, and myths can help reduce stigma and open the door to effective support.
With awareness, compassion, and the right strategies, people with ADHD can not only manage their challenges but also harness their unique strengths.